Bitcoin & Cryptocurrency Regulation in Kazakhstan

• Legal: Legal to own and trade, not legal tender, payments generally banned
• Tax: Sale income taxed, mining a taxable event, sales VAT-exempt
• Buying: Via AIFC or National Bank licensed exchanges, approved assets only

Kazakhstan has built one of Central Asia's most developed legal frameworks for cryptocurrency. Owning, trading and mining digital assets are permitted, but each activity sits inside a system of licensing, registration and anti-money-laundering rules that has been reshaped repeatedly in 2025 and 2026. This page explains the current state of Kazakhstan crypto regulation in plain terms: what is legal, who the regulators are, how exchanges and mining are licensed, how crypto is taxed, and where to verify the rules.

Crypto is not legal tender in Kazakhstan, and using cryptocurrency to pay for goods and services is generally not permitted across the country, although a limited pilot has been announced. The country has positioned itself as a regional hub for regulated digital-asset businesses and large-scale mining, originally anchored in the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) and now moving toward a nationwide framework supervised by the National Bank of Kazakhstan. Because the legal picture is still being implemented through new laws and by-laws, treat the details below as a starting point and confirm anything that affects you with the official sources named at the end of this page.

This article is general information as of 2026 and is not legal, tax or financial advice. Always verify the current position with the National Bank of Kazakhstan and the other named regulators before acting. For broader context, see our overview of crypto regulation.

Yes. Buying, holding and selling Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is legal for residents of Kazakhstan, and mining is permitted under a licensing regime. However, crypto does not have the status of money or legal tender, and using cryptocurrency to pay for goods and services is generally prohibited across the country. You cannot require anyone to accept it as payment.

Kazakh law divides digital assets into categories. So-called unsecured (or unbacked) digital assets, such as Bitcoin, are treated as property that can be owned and traded, but their circulation is restricted to licensed venues. Separately, the 2026 reforms introduced a new class of secured instruments known as digital financial assets (DFAs), which include stablecoins, tokenised real-world assets and financial instruments issued in digital form. DFAs are handled under banking and financial-services rules. Under the framework that took effect on 1 May 2026, unsecured digital assets such as Bitcoin are explicitly not recognised as a means of payment, a financial instrument or a financial asset in Kazakhstan.

The practical takeaway: it is legal to own crypto and to trade it through authorised channels, but you should not assume you can spend it freely in shops or use it interchangeably with the national currency, the tenge. Using only licensed, compliant platforms is the safest way to stay on the right side of the rules.

Oversight is shared among several public bodies, and responsibilities shifted significantly with the 2025 and 2026 reforms:

• National Bank of Kazakhstan (NBK): Now the primary regulator for digital assets nationwide. It maintains registers of platform and exchange operators, sets licensing requirements, capital and infrastructure standards, and supervises anti-money-laundering compliance. Its official digital-assets page is the best starting point for current rules.
• Agency for Regulation and Development of the Financial Market (ARDFM): Regulates the turnover of digital financial assets, with the exception of stablecoins, which are handled by the National Bank. It sets requirements for the issuance and circulation of DFAs backed by an underlying asset, and supervises financial organisations, including banks that serve crypto exchanges.
• Astana Financial Services Authority (AFSA): The independent regulator inside the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC). It authorises and supervises digital-asset trading facilities and custody providers under the AIFC's own English-law-based rulebook.
• Financial Monitoring Agency: Kazakhstan's financial intelligence unit, which leads anti-money-laundering and counter-terrorist-financing analysis and receives suspicious-transaction reports.
• Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development: Responsible for licensing digital miners.

Because the division of duties is still being fine-tuned through by-laws, check the current allocation with the National Bank of Kazakhstan before relying on any specific point.

Kazakhstan has historically operated a dual system: a national regime, and a separate AIFC regime with its own rules. Recent reforms are pulling more activity into the national framework. Key legislative milestones include:

• 2020: Mining of cryptocurrencies recognised in law as a legitimate activity.
• 2023: The Law on Digital Assets in the Republic of Kazakhstan, No. 193-VII, dated 6 February 2023, took effect on 1 April 2023. It classified digital assets, defined mining as a licensed activity, and generally restricted the circulation of unsecured assets such as Bitcoin to exchanges licensed within the AIFC.
• 2025: Further amendments, including changes adopted in late 2025, repealed the earlier mandatory-sale rule for miners and advanced plans to open regulated crypto activity beyond the AIFC. The National Bank launched a regulatory sandbox on 30 June 2025 for controlled testing of digital-asset projects.
• 2026: Amendments dated 17 January 2026 to financial-market and related legislation introduced digital financial assets (DFAs) into the banking framework and confirmed the National Bank as the primary overseer of digital-asset issuance and circulation. The comprehensive framework governing the circulation of digital assets outside the AIFC came into force on 1 May 2026, from which date the National Bank began licensing unsecured digital-asset exchange operators and registering operators of digital-asset and DFA trading platforms.

Note that Kazakhstan is not an EU member, so the EU's Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation does not apply here; the framework is entirely domestic. Several elements of the newer rules are still being implemented through regulations and by-laws, so timing and detail can shift. The official consolidated text of the 2023 law is published on the government's Adilet legal information system.

The legality of trading depends heavily on the venue. For several years, the clearest lawful route was an exchange licensed within the AIFC and supervised by AFSA. Under the 2025 and 2026 reforms, the National Bank operates a national licensing regime, in force from 1 May 2026, so that approved exchanges can operate more broadly outside the AIFC, and it maintains registers of platform and exchange operators. From that date, unsecured digital-asset exchange operators apply for a National Bank licence, while operators of digital-asset and DFA trading platforms register with the National Bank.

What licensed operators face:

• Authorisation before operating: Platforms that want to serve Kazakhstan must obtain regulatory approval before listing assets or onboarding customers. Several large international exchanges have pursued authorisation linked to the AIFC.
• Approved-asset lists: Only crypto assets approved by the National Bank may be traded on exchanges based in the country, so the range of coins on a domestic-licensed venue can be narrower than on global platforms.
• Capital and conduct requirements: Within the AIFC, an operator of a digital-asset trading facility must meet a minimum capital requirement set at the higher of around USD 200,000 or enough working capital to run the business for twelve months, alongside custody, market-conduct and investor-protection obligations.
• Ongoing supervision: Licensed firms must maintain compliance, risk-management, cybersecurity and client-asset-protection policies.

You can review the AIFC trading-facility requirements on the Astana Financial Services Authority (AFSA) website. Using offshore platforms that are not authorised for Kazakhstan can leave you outside consumer protections and may create compliance and tax complications.

Crypto-related income is taxable, and the treatment was clarified in the recent reforms. The points below reflect the general position as of 2026, but rates, thresholds and methods can change, so confirm your own situation with the tax authorities or a qualified adviser.

• Individuals selling crypto: Income from the sale of a digital asset issued by a foreign issuer is generally subject to individual income tax at a rate of 10%. Income from the sale of a digital asset issued by a Kazakh issuer has been reported as exempt. The distinction matters, so check which category applies to you.
• Mining as a taxable event: Receiving digital assets through mining is treated as generating income for tax purposes. For legal entities, mining income is reported as taxed at the standard corporate rate of 20%. For individual entrepreneurs, income from mining has been reported as subject to individual income tax at progressive rates from 10% to 15% starting in 2026.
• Digital mining fee (electricity): Miners pay a fee based on electricity consumed, reported at KZT 2 per kilowatt-hour, reduced to KZT 1 per kilowatt-hour where renewable energy or the miner's own generation is used. A higher penalty rate of KZT 25 per kilowatt-hour has been reported as introduced in 2026 for certain consumption.
• Valuing digital assets: Rules for determining the value of digital assets for tax purposes were reported to take effect on 1 January 2026, clarifying how holdings and disposals are measured.
• VAT: Turnover from the sale of digital assets has been reported as exempt from VAT, and assets distributed within a mining pool to participants are reported as outside taxable turnover.

Keep detailed records of purchases, sales, transfers and mining output. For a general primer on how crypto is taxed, see our guide to crypto taxes, and confirm the current Kazakh figures with a professional.

Anti-money-laundering and counter-terrorist-financing (AML/CFT) obligations sit at the centre of Kazakhstan's regime. The Financial Monitoring Agency acts as the country's financial intelligence unit and receives suspicious-transaction reports, while the National Bank, ARDFM and AFSA each supervise compliance within their areas.

If you use a licensed platform, expect requirements comparable to those at a bank:

• Identity verification (KYC): You will need to verify your identity and, in many cases, the source of your funds before trading.
• Customer due diligence: Licensed firms apply a risk-based approach with customer due diligence, beneficial-owner verification and ongoing transaction monitoring.
• Sanctions screening: Clients are screened against relevant sanctions and watchlists.
• Reporting: Operators must report suspicious transactions to the Financial Monitoring Agency and maintain internal AML/CFT, KYC, data-protection and client-asset-security policies.

These rules exist to keep transfers transparent and lawful, and they apply on both the on-ramp and off-ramp sides of any trade.

Residents can buy crypto, but choosing a venue authorised to serve Kazakhstan matters. A typical lawful path looks like this:

• 1. Choose a compliant platform. Look for an exchange licensed within the AIFC or under the National Bank's national regime, or a reputable global exchange that openly supports Kazakhstan.
• 2. Complete identity verification. Provide identification and, where requested, proof of source of funds, in line with KYC and AML rules.
• 3. Fund your account. Deposit tenge by bank transfer or card, subject to your bank's policies and the platform's accepted methods.
• 4. Place your order. Buy a permitted asset, watching fees and the spread between buy and sell prices.
• 5. Secure your holdings. For larger amounts, consider a wallet you control and protect your recovery phrase. Keep records for tax purposes.

Remember that everyday payments in crypto are generally not allowed across the country. A limited pilot project (a planned digitalised city, referred to as CryptoCity in the Alatau area) has been announced where crypto payments may be tested, but for most people crypto remains an asset to hold and trade rather than a means of payment. Start small while you learn a platform, and never share private keys or recovery phrases with anyone.

Mining is one of the areas where Kazakhstan has been most active. Historically low electricity costs and abundant generating capacity made the country a major global mining destination, which strained the power grid and prompted tighter controls. Today, mining is a licensed activity.

• Licensing and registration: Commercial miners must obtain a licence from the Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development, mining pools require accreditation, and hardware and operations are registered.
• Energy charges: Miners pay a fee on electricity consumed, reported at KZT 2 per kilowatt-hour and reduced to KZT 1 per kilowatt-hour for renewable energy or own generation, designed to manage grid demand and encourage cleaner power. A higher penalty rate of KZT 25 per kilowatt-hour has been reported as introduced in 2026 for certain consumption. Grid pressure has also led to rationing and power cuts for miners at peak times.
• Taxation: Mining income is taxable, and the act of receiving mined assets is itself a taxable event. Confirm current rates with the tax authorities.
• Sale of mined coins: Earlier rules required miners to sell a large share of output through AIFC-linked exchanges. Reforms in 2025 repealed this mandatory-sale requirement, giving miners more freedom over how and where they sell. Verify the latest position before relying on this.

Anyone planning a mining operation should budget carefully for energy charges and licensing obligations, and obtain current legal and tax guidance before committing capital.

Kazakhstan's direction of travel has been toward broader, more formalised crypto adoption rather than prohibition. Notable recent moves include:

• Digital financial assets in banking law: The January 2026 amendments brought DFAs, including stablecoins and tokenised assets, into the financial framework under National Bank oversight.
• Repeal of the mandatory-sale rule: Miners are no longer required to sell a fixed share of output through licensed exchanges.
• Regulatory sandbox: The National Bank launched a sandbox on 30 June 2025 to test digital-asset projects before full rollout.
• National crypto reserve: The authorities have discussed a state digital-asset fund, managed by a National Bank investment vehicle, to hold a strategic reserve of digital assets, partly funded by assets seized in criminal cases.
• CryptoCity pilot: A plan was announced for a digitalised city in the Alatau area where residents could use crypto payments, despite the general nationwide ban on crypto payments. Alatau is an urban area of roughly 52,000 residents in southeastern Kazakhstan. Binance Kazakhstan and Alatau City Bank have shown a live crypto payment flow that lets a user pay with digital assets and settle instantly in local currency.
• Framework in force from 1 May 2026: The national regime for licensing exchanges and registering trading platforms outside the AIFC took effect on 1 May 2026, moving the country from a mainly AIFC-based system toward nationwide supervision by the National Bank.

Several of these initiatives are still being implemented. Treat announcements as direction-of-travel rather than settled law, and confirm specifics with the regulators.

Crypto remains a high-risk area, and Kazakhstan's framework is still maturing. Weigh these risks before committing money:

• Volatility: Crypto prices can rise and fall sharply over short periods. Only consider money you can afford to lose.
• Regulatory change: Rules on approved assets, exchange licensing and taxation can change with relatively short notice while the new framework beds in.
• Unlicensed operators and scams: Fraudulent schemes and platforms that are not authorised for Kazakhstan are a real hazard. Favour providers that are transparent about their licensing status, ideally listed in the National Bank's registers or licensed by AFSA.
• Custody and security: You are responsible for safeguarding your holdings. Lost keys, scams and exchange failures are real risks; use reputable custody and strong security practices.
• Outside the protected perimeter: Using offshore or unlicensed venues can leave you without local consumer protections and create tax and compliance complications.

Consumer protection is strongest when you stay within the licensed perimeter and keep clear records of every transaction.

Because the rules are evolving, always confirm the current position with primary sources rather than secondary summaries. The most authoritative starting points are:

• National Bank of Kazakhstan, Regulation of the digital assets market, for the national framework, registers and licensing.
• Astana Financial Services Authority (AFSA), for licensing and supervision of digital-asset firms inside the AIFC.
• Adilet legal information system: Law on Digital Assets No. 193-VII (2023), for the consolidated text of the core law.

For background reading, see our explainers on crypto regulation and crypto taxes, and browse country guides on our regulation hub. This page is general information as of 2026 and is not legal, tax or financial advice; verify anything that affects you with the National Bank of Kazakhstan and the other named regulators, or consult a qualified local adviser.

Yes. Owning, buying, selling and mining cryptocurrency is legal under a licensing and registration framework. However, crypto is not legal tender, and using it to pay for goods and services is generally prohibited across the country, aside from a limited announced pilot. The safest approach is to use platforms authorised to serve Kazakhstan. This is general information, not legal advice.

The National Bank of Kazakhstan is now the primary regulator for digital assets nationwide, maintaining registers of exchange and platform operators. The Agency for Regulation and Development of the Financial Market (ARDFM) sets rules for certain backed digital financial assets, the Astana Financial Services Authority (AFSA) supervises firms inside the AIFC, and the Financial Monitoring Agency handles anti-money-laundering oversight. Mining is licensed by the Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development.

As of 2026, individual income from selling a digital asset issued by a foreign issuer is generally taxed at 10%, while income from a Kazakh-issued asset has been reported as exempt. Mining is a taxable event, miners pay a digital mining tax of about KZT 2 per kilowatt-hour (KZT 1 for renewable energy), and the sale of digital assets has been reported as VAT-exempt. Confirm current figures with the tax authorities or a qualified tax professional.

Yes, but mining is a licensed activity. Commercial miners need a licence from the Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development, mining pools require accreditation, and operations are registered. Miners pay an electricity-based tax, with a lower rate for renewable energy. The earlier rule requiring miners to sell a large share of output through AIFC-linked exchanges was repealed in 2025. Verify current licensing and tax requirements before starting.

Generally no. Crypto is not legal tender, and using cryptocurrency to pay for goods and services is prohibited across the country. A limited pilot has been announced for a planned digitalised city (referred to as CryptoCity in the Alatau area) where crypto payments may be tested, but for most people crypto remains an asset to hold and trade rather than a means of payment. Check the current position with the National Bank of Kazakhstan.

Historically, most legal trading was concentrated in AIFC-licensed exchanges supervised by AFSA. The 2025 and 2026 reforms moved toward a national licensing regime under the National Bank, which maintains registers of exchange and platform operators and approves which assets may be listed. The set of permitted coins and authorised venues can differ between domestic-licensed platforms and global exchanges, so check a provider's status before using it.

The comprehensive framework governing the circulation of digital assets outside the AIFC came into force on 1 May 2026, under amendments dated 17 January 2026. From that date the National Bank of Kazakhstan began licensing unsecured digital-asset exchange operators and registering operators of digital-asset and DFA trading platforms. Some by-laws are still being implemented, so confirm current detail with the National Bank.

Yes. Stablecoins are treated as a type of digital financial asset (DFA). The turnover of DFAs is generally regulated by the Agency for Regulation and Development of the Financial Market (ARDFM), but stablecoins are handled by the National Bank of Kazakhstan rather than the ARDFM. Rules for DFAs sit within the banking and financial-services framework rather than the rules for unsecured assets such as Bitcoin.

No. Under the framework in force from 1 May 2026, unsecured digital assets such as Bitcoin are not recognised as a means of payment, a financial instrument or a financial asset. They can be owned and traded through authorised venues as a form of property, but you cannot require anyone to accept them as payment. A limited pilot in the Alatau area has been announced to test crypto payments.

Last updated: 2026-06-30.

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